Currency forwards and futures are where traders agree the rate for exchanging two currencies at a given date in the future. This can for example be 1 month, 3 months, or 6 months ahead.
Control of money and interest rates is vital to the working of an economy and as such in most countries, the responsibility for managing them is given to a central bank.
Charting is really a sub-discipline of technical analysis - however it's a very big one as nearly every Forex trader will utilize, to some extent, price charts when making trading decisions.