Currency forwards and futures are where traders agree the rate for exchanging two currencies at a given date in the future. This can for example be 1 month, 3 months, or 6 months ahead.
Control of money and interest rates is vital to the working of an economy and as such in most countries, the responsibility for managing them is given to a central bank.
Charting is really a sub-discipline of technical analysis - however it's a very big one as nearly every Forex trader will utilize, to some extent, price charts when making trading decisions.
Traders use trends and ranges extensively in the financial markets, and Forex traders are no exception. Markets are normally either trending or ranging.